![]() The presence of vaginal plugs deposited during ejaculation is the most commonly used non-invasive marker of gestation onset vaginal plugs, however, can be poorly formed or dislodged and their presence does not guarantee that a female is pregnant. Although changes in progesterone concentrations can be an accurate indicator on the first day of gestation, such assessments are invasive, requiring anesthetization and blood withdrawal, both of which may disrupt the pregnancy. Increases in body mass, abdominal palpation, or changes in sex steroid concentrations cannot distinguish pregnant from non-pregnant mice prior to 7 days of gestation, with ultrasound detection possible at 4.5 days. Presently there are few ways of detecting pregnancy prior to implantation (day 3.5–5 of gestation in mice). ![]() Additionally, in animal models, reliable confirmation of pregnancy following mating permits interventions at defined stages of gestation, including harvesting of age-specific maternal and fetal tissues for stem-cell research. High temporal resolution CBT and wavelet analysis permit strikingly early detection and separation of successful pregnancies and pregnancy-like events.Įarly in-utero exposure to myriad environmental insults leads to abnormal fetal development or the termination of pregnancy, underscoring the importance of accurate and convenient early detection strategies. Application of wavelet analysis that permits frequency analysis while preserving temporal resolution, uncovers significant differences in ultradian frequencies of CBT these rhythms are significantly increased in the 12 h after the day of pairing for pregnancies carried to term compared to apparent pregnancies that failed. This method also reveals a subset of females that exhibit a pregnancy-like response following pairing that persists for a variable number of days. Here, using a mouse model, we show that continuous, 1-min resolution CBT measurements reliably allow for the earliest and most accurate detection of pregnancy (100%, within 14 h of initial pairing), without requiring interaction with the animal for data collection. The value of continuous temperature measurements remains largely unexplored, but the advent of small, inexpensive, and increasingly ubiquitous, accurate sensor devices makes continuous measures feasible. In animal studies, interventions or cell/tissue harvesting at defined stages of fetal development are arduous, requiring timed mating by trained observers. However, such temperature data typically are gathered in single, daily measurements. ![]() Clinically, core body temperature (CBT) is used to aid family planning and pregnancy detection. Many controllable factors negatively impact fetal development, underscoring the importance of early pregnancy detection and identification of events that reliably predict potential complications. ![]()
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